The National Science Foundation's (NSF) decades-long investment in science and engineering (S&E) research helped build the backbone of the U.S. scientific enterprise and transformed universities and colleges into centers of scientific innovation, creativity, knowledge and discovery. It also brought about the benefits of scientific discovery--new technologies, products and knowledge--that have fueled the economy, strengthened national security, enhanced the well-being of millions of Americans and shaped the nation as a world leader in science and technology. Today, NSF-funded research continues to advance the nation's prosperity, welfare and leadership. As these pages reflect, outcomes from basic research across multiple scientific disciplines are transforming entire industries, from transportation to computing to manufacturing and agriculture. Across--and among--its seven directorates, each one representing a broad field of science, engineering and education, NSF funds ideas that push the boundaries of innovation and productivity. With the power to transform daily life, from increasing crop yields to high-speed communication networks, these ideas are critical to moving the nation forward. Grants span all parts of the research and innovation pipeline, from fundamental research to transition to practice of research innovations. Researchers are encouraged to apply at all levels of their careers. Specific awards can assist young researchers with establishing their scientific and teaching trajectory--cementing research pathways that can transfer to commercial arenas.