Since 2010, the Community Eligibility Provision (CEP) has expanded access to free school meals while jeopardizing a key measure of student poverty used across the field of education: free and reduced-price lunch (FRPL) status. States and school districts are pioneering alternative measures of student poverty, which vary in their composition and policy contexts. This framing paper identifies key issues surrounding the use of alternative measures of student poverty. Stakeholders are divided into two groups: administrators and data users. Administrators collect and report data on students' socioeconomic status. They are tasked with: (1) identifying and implementing measures of student poverty; (2) communicating changes to measures; and (3) improving existing measures. Data users rely on student poverty data for research, programmatic, and related purposes. Their challenges include: (1) interpreting communications from administrators; (2) making adjustments to align longitudinal or multisite data; and (3) specifying and testing alternative measures of student poverty. The authors expand on these issues before looking at developments in the field and new questions emerging in the post-CEP era.