Our current federal postsecondary data system is incomplete and fails to provide today's students with the accurate, timely information that they need to inform their college choices and promote their success. As policymakers consider proposals to improve this federal data system, it is critical that they work in tandem to protect students' privacy and ensure that their information is secure. This paper, authored by Joanna Grama, Senior Consultant at Vantage Technology Consulting Group, provides an in-depth look at the current landscape for postsecondary data privacy and security at the federal level. These laws include: (1) The Privacy Act of 1974; (2) The E-Government Act of 2002; (3) The Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act of 2002; (4) The Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002; and (5) The Office of Management and Budget Breach Notification System. The brief explains the existing regulatory framework and explores how these laws and practices would interact with proposed changes to the federal postsecondary data system. [This report is based on research with support from Arnold Ventures.]