This study attempts to determine whether there is a statistically significant relationship between undergraduate African-American admissions for both test-optional and traditional institutions. The posed research questions addressed whether test-optional admissions have increased African-American admissions since the longitudinal study by Bates College in 2002. The primary data for the research was collected using the Integrated Post-Secondary Education Data System (IPEDS) to assess the number of undergraduate African-American males, females, and total enrollment for institutions using test-optional policies and those using traditional SAT/ACT for post-secondary admission. A probability stratified sampling strategy was used for this study because the sample size consisted of undergraduate African-American freshmen degree-seeking students who took the SAT/ACT or used admission policies for enrollment from Fall 2011-2013. Because there were two levels of independent variables and three dependent variables, based on the results of the G*Power analysis, a one-way MANOVA was used for the study. Based on the MANOVA and descriptive statistics results, a statistical difference existed between traditional and test-optional African-American institutional enrollment. The main contribution of the study is to support the theory of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) proposed by Vygotsky since there is a significant difference in undergraduate African-American Freshmen Enrollment using admission criteria policies. Furthermore, although the study sheds light on the significant difference between African-American Freshmen Enrollment in traditional and test-optional institutions, more research is needed since prior to this study more institutions implemented test-optional policies. Finally, the "Ayers" Court (1985) acknowledged that a standardized assessment tool could enable educators to measure uniformly the level of academic preparation of students graduating from high schools, which supports Level 1 of Lev Vygotsky's ZPD. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://bibliotheek.ehb.be:2222/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]