This paper, commissioned by [National Postsecondary Education Cooperative] NPEC--Sample Surveys, considers issues important to any effort in which the [National Center for Education Statistics] NCES chose to engage the higher education community in a deliberative process that explores the development of data on student learning through a nationally-representative sample survey that can generalize to undergraduate students enrolled in all institutional sectors. It briefly addresses what might be measured, what measurement instruments already exist, potential constructs for measurement, and issues related to study design. Finally, the paper outlines challenges associated with measuring student learning in the postsecondary context, as well as potential limitations associated with such a study. Contains the following appendix: Sample Test Items of Scientific Literacy (Guterbock et al., 2011).