Living-learning communities combine curricular, co-curricular, and residential components of college life. They are a relatively new variation on the residential education that has been part of the undergraduate experience at America's independent colleges and universities for centuries. Research suggests that living-learning communities have a positive impact on academic performance, intellectual development, civic engagement, and the smooth transition of first-year students into college life, among other desirable student outcomes. Challenges to developing and maintaining effective living-learning programs include difficulties related to assessment, faculty participation, collaboration between academic affairs and student affairs, and program costs. Independent colleges and universities have developed living-learning communities for a wide range of student populations--first-year students, first-generation students, upper-class students with specific academic interests, even commuters--in a variety of residential settings from traditional dorms to yurts. [This brief was prepared by the CIC Project on the Future of Independent Higher Education.]