This report provides an introduction to the system and culture of the college entrance examination (CEE) of China. College entrance examinations in China (and in several other Asian countries such as Korea and Japan) are so important that they are commonly dubbed "once in a lifetime" or a "one-test-to-determine-a-life" for most high school graduates. Given the high-stakes nature of the CEE, test security is paramount to the Chinese government at all levels. Because all information related to CEE tests and items is considered a national secret, test security is closely monitored, and violations are investigated and prosecuted swiftly and forcefully by China's Ministries of Education, Public Security, Communication, and Justice. As a result, both the national and provincial educational examination authorities have been actively engaged in experimenting with testing reforms and technical innovations as well as learning about psychometrics from abroad. It is the author's hope that Chinese officials will share the results of further reforms and innovations so that the rest of the world can both learn and benefit from its experience.