This document is one of eight reports prepared to support the development of a new learning system, a development effort that is the first step in a major initiative undertaken by the Stupski Foundation. This report synthesizes recent research and theoretical literature on effective pedagogy for the Stupski Foundation's 2009 initiative of supporting urban students of color. To improve the quality of instruction for these students, the report identifies four options: (1) Support teachers with differentiated instruction and culturally relevant pedagogy; (2) Implement a pedagogical program that gives students a central voice in the classroom; (3) Use technology to engage students and enhance pedagogy; and (4) Guide teachers in creating academically rigorous and positive classroom learning environments for students. The literature review method is appended. (Contains 2 tables, 2 figures, and 3 footnotes.) [A list of references that were reviewed but not cited in this report are included.]