This document is one of eight reports prepared to support the development of a new learning system, a development effort that is the first step in a major initiative undertaken by the Stupski Foundation. This document synthesizes recent research and theoretical literature on the special learning needs of urban, underserved students, whom are referred to as "our kids." The report identifies six ways to address their needs: (1) Provide executive function interventions; (2) Invest in the research and design of brain-based early childhood interventions; (3) Integrate the evidence-based components of effective early care centers into all early childhood programs; (4) Scaffold self-regulation in early childhood; (5) Support parent scaffolding of children's self-regulation skills; and (6) Adopt and scale-up effective parent support programs. The literature review method is appended. (Contains 5 tables, 4 figures, and 2 footnotes.) [A list of references that were reviewed but not cited in this report are included.]