Gender equality is not just about economic empowerment. It is a moral imperative, it is about fairness and equity, and includes many political, social and cultural dimensions. Gender equality, however, is also a key factor in self-reported well-being and happiness across the world. In the aftermath of the Great Recession, there is now an urgent need to focus on the economic case and on how changes in the labour market might provide better economic opportunities for both men and women. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Gender Initiative was developed as an integral part of the wider policy-quest for new sources of economic growth; greater gender equality and a more efficient use of everyone's skills are an important part of the answer. It is true that many countries around the world have made significant progress towards gender equality in education in recent decades. Today girls outperform boys in some areas of education and are less likely to drop out of school than boys. But, the glass is still half-full: women continue to earn less than men, are less likely to make it to the top of the career ladder, and are more likely to end their lives in poverty. This report from the OECD Gender Initiative is designed to inform, share policy experiences and good practices, and help governments promote gender equality in education, employment and entrepreneurship. It looks at the state of play from a gender perspective across all three issues, whether inequalities exist, how and why they have developed, and which obstacles need to be overcome to move towards greater equality. It offers policy advice to governments as to how they can create a more level playing field. Annexed are: (1) Estimating the Effects of Human Capital Accumulation on Growth; (2) Labour Force Projections for OECD Countries Not Covered in Figure 1.1.2; (3) Supplementary Tables to Chapter 2.1; (4) Supplementary Tables to Chapter 2.4; (5) General Background Data on Education; (6) Supplementary Tables to Chapter 3.1; (7) The Determinants of Female Labour Force Participation and Part-Time Work; (8) Data Sources for the Analysis in Chapter 3.3; (9) Supplementary Tables to Chapter 3.5; (10) Supplementary Tables to Chapter 3.8; (11) Supplementary Tables to Chapter 3.10; (12) General Background Data on Employment; (13) Methodological Issues and Additional Findings to Chapter 4.1; (14) Methodological Issues and Additional Findings to Chapter 4.2; (15) Methodological Issues and Additional Findings to Chapter 4.3; (16) Methodological Issues and Additional Findings to Chapter 4.4; and (17) Methodological Issues and Additional Findings to Chapter 4.5. (Contains 28 tables, 88 figures, 33 boxes and 3 footnotes.)