Based on research conducted in a three-year, mixed-method, multi-site National Science Foundation, Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Talent Expansion Program (STEP) Project, this book offers a comprehensive look into how engineering department culture and climate impacts the successful retention of female and under-represented minority college students. The editors provide valuable insight into how engineering programs support female and minority students and what strategies students employ to successfully complete engineering programs, while also addressing policies and practices that will best serve engineers in the 21st century. This book contains the following: (1) Introduction: The Scarcity of Scientists and Engineers, a Hidden Crisis in the U.S. (Kathryn M. Borman, Rhoda Halperin, and Will Tyson); (2) Producing STEM Graduates in Florida: Understanding the Florida Context (Bridget A. Cotner, Cassandra Workman Whaler, and Will Tyson); (3) To Stay or to Switch? Why Students Leave Engineering Programs (Will Tyson, Chrystal A.S. Smith, and Arland Nguema Ndong); (4) Pedagogy and Preparation: Learning to be an Engineer (Rebekah S. Heppner, Reginald S. Lee and Hesborn O. Wao); (5) Program Climate: Engineering Social and Academic Fit (Hesborn O. Wao and Reginald S. Lee); (6) Program Culture: How Departmental Values Facilitate Program Efficacy (Susan Chanderbhan Forde, Cynthia A. Grace, and Bridget A. Cotner); (7) Making the Transition: The Two-to Four-Year Institution Transfer Experience (Cassandra Workman Whaler and Jason E. Miller); and (8) Voices from the Field: Strategies for Enhancing Engineering Programs (Kathryn M. Borman, Will Tyson, and Cassandra Workman Whaler).