The Institute of Education Sciences (IES, or the Institute), created as part of the Education Sciences Reform Act of 2002 (ESRA) (Pub. L. 107-279), is the primary research arm of the U.S. Department of Education (ED). ESRA established the National Board for Education Sciences (NBES, or the Board) to advise and consult with the Director of the Institute. The Board is responsible for considering and approving priorities proposed by the Director to guide the work of the Institute; reviewing and approving procedures for technical and scientific peer review of the activities of the Institute; and reviewing and regularly evaluating the work of the Institute to ensure that its research, development, evaluation, and statistical analyses are consistent with the standards set out in ESRA. The Board is also responsible for providing to the Director of IES, the Secretary of Education, and appropriate congressional committees a report that assesses the effectiveness of the Institute in carrying out its priorities and mission, especially as they relate to performing scientifically valid research, conducting unbiased evaluations, collecting and reporting accurate education statistics, and translating research into practice. This paper presents the annual report of the National Board for Education Sciences for 2010. Appendices include: (1) Members of the National Board for Education Sciences (as of July 1, 2010) and Ex Officio Members; (2) Approved National Board for Education Sciences Resolutions (since inception); and (3) NCEE-Sponsored Evaluations, Reports, and Events. (Contains 6 tables and 12 footnotes.) [For "National Board for Education Sciences 2009 Annual Report, August 2008 through June 2009. NBES 2009-6020," see ED518422.]