How government spends money, and who benefits, reveals our priorities. How, then, do children fare in the competition for public resources? This report looks at public investments across age groups, from birth through the elementary years. Key findings show that spending more than doubles per capita between the infant and toddler years and the elementary years. The increase is driven by growing state and local spending; the federal contribution is relatively stable across age groups. Findings also reveal that states and localities spend more money than the federal government does on children, except when it comes to the youngest children. (Contains 3 tables, 9 figures and 17 notes.) [This work was supported by the Strategic Knowledge Fund and co-funded by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. For "Federal Expenditures on Elementary-Age Children in 2008 (Ages 6 through 11)" see, ED509356.]