This research brief, the seventh in a series of National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) briefs, examines the presence of special health care needs among children in the child welfare system (CWS). It specifically examines the presence of chronic health conditions (e.g., asthma, diabetes) and special needs (e.g., emotional disturbance, speech impairment, developmental delay). It provides information about the rates of these health conditions and special needs over the course of a 3-year period. It asks the following questions: (1) What percentages of children involved in the child welfare system have chronic health conditions and/or special needs? (2) Do the rates of these conditions and needs differ by a child's gender, race/ethnicity, or age? and (3) Are the rates of these conditions and needs related to a child's CWS placement or adoption history? Are the rates related to the type of reported maltreatment? Among the key findings are that children in the CWS show rates of chronic health conditions, particularly asthma, that are relatively comparable to national estimates for all U.S. children. However, children with a history of out-of-home placement have higher rates of chronic health conditions than are described for children across the country. (Contains 4 figures, 1 table, and 15 notes.)