The Nation's Report Card [TM], the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), is a nationally representative and continuing assessment of what America's students know and can do in various subject areas. For over three decades, assessments have been conducted periodically in reading, mathematics, science, writing, history, geography, and other subjects. NAEP is a sample-based survey assessment that provides periodic reports on student academic performance at the national and state levels. The Trial Urban District Assessment (TUDA), a special project in NAEP, began assessing performance in selected large urban districts in 2002 with reading and writing assessments, and continued in 2003 and 2005 with reading and mathematics assessments. Eleven large urban school districts participated in 2005, with Austin participating for the first time. This report provides the 2005 NAEP mathematics results for the participating districts. The report compares results to public school students? performance in the nation and in large central cities, and to results for the previous mathematics assessment in 2003, where applicable, using a .05 significance level.