This book examines changes in the first language (L1) of people who know a second language (L2), seeing L2 users as people who differ from the monolingual in both first and second languages. It describes a range of psychological and linguistic approaches. The 13 chapters include the following: (1) "Introduction: The Changing L1 in the L2 User's Mind" (Vivian Cook); (2) "The Influence of L2 on L1 Collocational Knowledge and on L1 Lexical Diversity in Free Written Expression" (Batia Laufer); (3) "'I Feel Clumsy Speaking Russian': L2 Influence on L1 in Narratives of Russian L2 Users of English" (Aneta Pavlenko); (4) "The Intercultural Style Hypothesis: L1 and L2 Interaction in Requesting Behaviour" (Jasone Cenoz); (5) "Probing the Effects of the L2 on the L1: A Case Study" (Scott Jarvis); (6) "English from a Distance: Code-Mixing and Blending in the L1 Output of Long-Term Resident Overseas EFL Teachers" (Graeme Porte); (7) "Productivity and Lexical Diversity in Native and Non-Native Speech: A Study of Cross-Cultural Effects" (Jean-Marc Dewaele and Aneta Pavlenko); (8) "L2 Influence on L1 Linguistic Representations" (Victoria A. Murphy and Karen J. Pine); (9) "Cross-Linguistic Influence of L2 English on Middle Constructions in L1 French" (Patricia Balcom); (10) "Effects of the L2 on the Syntactic Processing of the L1" (Vivian Cook, Elisabet Iarossi, Nektarios Stellakis, and Yuki Tokumaru); (11) "Economy of Interpretation: Patterns of Pronoun Selection in Transitional Bilinguals" (Teresa Satterfield); (12) "A Dynamic Approach to Language Attrition in Multilingual Systems" (Ulrike Jessner); and (13) "How to Demonstrate the Conceptual Effect of L2 on L1? Methods and Techniques" (Istvan Kecskes and Tunde Papp). (Papers contain references.) (SM)