The end of communist rule in Romania meant that the country's Rroma (Gypsy) population could affirm its ethnic and cultural identity. However, educational opportunities for Rroma children remain low. The following are among the many factors that have led to social exclusion of the Rroma in Romania: existing policy priorities; high unemployment and poverty rates; regional disparities; and configuration and respect of citizenship and human rights. The national program Education for the Second Chance was initiated to combat social exclusion. The program School Development in Rroma Communities Equal Chances for Rroma Children through School and School-Related Activities was started in 1998 and lasted for 3 years. It featured the following components: (1) school management and partnership; (2) intercultural education; (3) cooperative learning; (4) oral histories; (5) remedial teaching; and (5) local community involvement in education and parents' education. The following were among the successful activities conducted within the program's framework: (1) Sunday school for parents; (2) grandfathers' kindergarten (educational activities for preschool children that were initially organized by older adults); and (3) mentoring programs. These initiatives have illustrated how increasing the learning opportunities available to adults can benefit young children and help combat the marginalization and social exclusion of Rroma children and adults alike. (MN)