A major proposition is that dual training arrangements alone do not necessarily solve quality problems in the delivery of vocational education and training (VET) nor improve VET links to the labor market. An essential strategy for Australia should be to further develop holistic training courses linked to apprenticeship models and embed both into a dual system and a comprehensive system of quality control of VET. The German dual system is an alternating training structure. Training occurs in a company providing the apprenticeship and in a compulsory vocational part-time school. Conditions of apprenticeship are closely linked with the prerequisite of homogeneous training schemes based on governmental training ordinances. Companies provide training opportunities on a totally voluntary basis. Two basic types of in-company VET are training as part of the working process and training pursued in a specific training environment. A major advantage of German dual training is the rate at which apprentices move into regular full-time employment within the training firm. From an institutional and didactical point of view, these three ways are conceivable to integrate special groups into dual training and bring dual training up to date in terms of new training contents and methods to ensure quality standards and matching of training and work: fragmentation, sequentiation/differentiation, and stage training courses/supplementation. (Contains 40 references.) (YLB)