The barriers that poor fathers face in paying child support and how existing programs assist them were studied and contrasted to the barriers faced by poor custodial mothers using data from the National Survey of America's Families (NSAF). Efforts to serve these fathers through Temporary Assistance for Needy Families welfare-to-work grants, and demonstration grants are also discussed. According to the NSAF, 2.6 million nonresident fathers have family incomes below the poverty line, and most of them face multiple employment barriers, including a criminal record, lack of a high school education, relatively little recent work experience, and poor health. Although these employment barriers are similar to those faced by poor custodial mothers, poor nonresident fathers are significantly less likely than poor custodial mothers to participate in training, education, and job search activities as well as income security programs. Given that Congress expects poor nonresident fathers to contribute financial support to their children, it may want to consider making employment services and work-support programs more available to poor nonresident fathers. An appendix discussions developing weights for nonresident fathers. (Contains 2 tables, 6 figures, 15 endnotes, and 15 references.) (Author/SLD)