This study sought to understand the institutional behavior processes that occur when institutions are faced with anti-affirmative action litigation. A dual case study, conducted at the University of Maryland and at the University of Michigan, was designed to develop concepts linking litigation and institutional response. Using a grounded theory approach, three conceptual schemes entrenchment, battle, and retreat emerged. The first set of responses occurred in the period prior to litigation or during a period of threatened litigation; the second while litigation was pending; and the third set occurred post-litigation. In all three conflict models, aspects of retreat response and aftermath were essentially underdeveloped. The findings indicate that both institutions engaged in various activities to maintain their affirmative action stance legally, socially, and politically. There was also evidence of the institutions engaging in strategies that incorporated polar responses in order to meet diverse objectives. Following the introduction to the problem there is a summary of the literature. The methods section provides an overview of the sampling, data collection, and data analysis procedures. Findings are amplified by extensive quotes and detailed descriptions of the three institutional responses. The paper concludes with sections on theoretical interpretations, recommendations for future research, and implications for practice. (Contains 29 references.) (CH)