This report contains details of the results of the Primary Assessment Program conducted in 1991 in urban and non-urban schools in the Northern Territory of Australia. The assessment program, conducted annually at years 5 and 7 in urban schools and at ages 10 years and above in non-urban schools, monitors achievement in English and mathematics. In 1991, nearly 4,000 urban students and 1,700 non-urban students participated in the testing program. Findings reveal a significant improvement in the achievement of urban students in years 5 and 7 in mathematics in 1991 compared with 1990. Fundamental changes in the reading test made it impossible to compare the two years. However, evidence suggests that urban school functional literacy and reading comprehension was good, but was not as good in the non-urban schools, where many students appeared unable to perform satisfactorily in tasks required for Stages 4 and 5 of reading and Stage 4 of mathematics. Results are reported in a format teachers and principals have found easy to understand. Eleven appendixes contain sample questions for the different assessments, information about the test committees, and test statistics. Information about test items, scores, and mean achievement is presented in 26 tables. Score distributions are portrayed in 11 graphs. (SLD)