As part of a series of documents describing assessment of student learning in various curriculum areas in South Carolina, this document reviews the assessment of student learning in the science classroom. The report begins with a discussion of effective science learning, and outlines the knowledge, skills, and dispositions that encompass science education. Reform efforts currently underway to transform school science are described. Alternative methods of assessment that support curriculum and instruction and promote exemplary science learning are explored, and a brief summary of activities in science assessment in selected states is provided. Performance assessments that are discussed include: (1) performance tests and tasks; (2) open-ended questions; (3) student journals; and (4) computer simulations. Portfolios and concept maps are other forms of authentic assessment that are discussed. Appendix A presents an example of a hands-on science assessment, and Appendix B presents a problem and a concept map. (SLD)