The processes used by the Defense Language Institute (DLI) Foreign Language Center to develop proficiency-based nonresident courses in Czech, Polish, and Russian for language maintenance is described. Based on needs assessment and analysis of Department of Defense endusers, DLI provided the concept and design for the Proficiency Improvement Courses. After a brief introduction, the theoretical framework on which the courses' development is based and the approach used in their development are described and the key elements of the theoretical framework are outlined: they include the Interagency Language Roundtable's model of second language proficiency, use of authentic materials, and proficiency-based testing. A method of course development involving three discrete phases (staff orientation management plan, staff orientation, and curriculum and materials development) is described in the next section. A third section discusses the problems encountered in the project, including copyrights, requirements for computer literacy, and the limitations in English language skills of the course developers. A list of six references as well as tables, charts, and algorithms relating to course development are appended. (MSE)