The analysis of proposed or implemented programs for increasing the achievement of at-risk students in all grades is the purpose of this report. Its focus is on identifying effective organizational responses, programs, and practices that improve the achievement of all at-risk children. Schools currently respond to poor academic performance with three organizational approaches: grade retention; ability grouping and tracking; and special education. The ways in which these practices and effective programs affect student achievement are analyzed. Two separate chapters analyze and offer recommendations for the elementary and secondary grades, respectively. Implications of this study point to the need for early intervention programs, experimentation with alternative programs, government support at all levels, and serious commitment of state and local educational agencies. An extensive bibliography and list of effective programs for students at risk are included. (LMI)