This paper reviews the current role of microcomputers as either a cognitive or sensory prosthesis, and evaluates their potential for meeting the learning needs of exceptional students. In the area of declarative learning, computers are used for drill and practice, tutoring, and "intelligent' tutoring. In the area of procedural learning, computer-based learning environments involve computer simulation; programming languages; tools for manipulating language such as word processors and proofreading assistance programs; tools for manipulating knowledge such as database management systems; and programs that teach students how to reflect upon and begin to understand their own cognitive processes. Computers also have a unique role as a potential sensory prosthesis for hearing-impaired studients, visually-impaired students and students with no voice. (JDD)