Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), the state-of-the-art production techniques for computer chips, promises such powerful, inexpensive computing that, in the future, people will be able to communicate with computer devices in natural language or even speech. However, before full-scale VLSI implementation can occur, certain salient factors must be addressed: quicker circuitry, lithography for greater bit density, spare memory elements, military needs, computer aided design, combined chip and system design, the engineering education crisis, and the nature of designers and their work. The cost of this technology in human terms must also be considered. While more intelligent machines may intensify production, they may also put skilled people out of work and increase the demand for clerical workers, leading to a devaluation of human resources. In addition, the immediate application of research funds for computer technology may not address quality of life improvement; mass destruction is also a potential result of technological advancement. The conflict is not humans versus the machine; only the way the machine is used can bring about change. (JB)