Both economically and socially, Iowa farm women played important roles in supporting and maintaining the rural population during the 1930s. They continued their patterns of production for consumption and for income, and during the Depression this production constituted a larger and more significant part of the household economy. Women kept large gardens and orchards and dried or preserved fruits and vegetables for later use; they butchered poultry and gathered eggs for family use and for sale; they separated cream and sold cream, butter, and cheese to town customers. While poultry raising was expected of women and was not considered technically sophisticated, it entailed considerable skill; women learned it from their mothers and from extension education programs and farm journals. Ironically, many farm women and their families experienced improved living conditions during the 1930s, because of improved automobiles, better roads, and especially electricity. Many took part in more activities outside the home. Rural schools provided a focal point for rural neighborhoods, as box socials, spell downs, picnics, and general neighborhood meetings were held there. Schools kept people in touch and provided an important social outlet for neighborhood residents. Farm women also took part in many extension activities, including helping select the annual extension project and attending leadership training schools. (MH)