Two methods of analysis, logical and psychological (or, loosely, aesthetic and functional) are used to investigate the many kinds of languages man uses to communicate, the ways in which these languages operate, and the reasons for communication failures. Based on a discussion of the nature of symbols, since most languages of communication draw heavily on the symbolic process, the author redefines "media" and differentiates between a medium of communication and an instrument or device for communication. In examining how languages work, that is, those qualities that give them their distinction, he considers cognitive, emotive, stylistic, and intentional factors. Finally, the technologies or devices of communication and their relationship to mass culture are considered. These problems are discussed from a more literary and philosophical viewpoint rather than a scientific one. The emphasis is on the content of communication rather than process, and examples come from the arts rather than experiments. (JK)