The handbook on residential institutions, for professionals and students in the field of mental retardation, attempts to interpret the institution as a part of the culture which it serves, avoiding emotional responses but suggesting formulas for change. Characteristics of contemporary institutions for the mentally retarded are examined and analyzed - history, organization, programs, goals, and prospects. Included are 13 original papers. The history and evolution of institutions and their philosophies are considered, as well as the planning of residential facilities. Statistical methods and data for evaluation are discussed. Other articles treat dimensions of institutional life (social organization, possessions, time, space), and the partnership of programing and research. Specialized programs and services discussed include behavior modification, educational programs, psychological services, adjunctive therapy, speech and hearing services, medical services, and functions of social workers in residential facilities for the mentally retarded. (KW)