The status of one-teacher schools in 1959 is described in this nationwide study by the National Education Association. Information for the study was gathered from 2,376 one-teacher schools in the 48 states (Alaska and Hawaii were not included), and data obtained from a 52-item questionnaire are grouped into 6 sections: (1) number of one-teacher schools, (2) personal characteristics of the teachers, (3) professional status of the teachers, (4) school plant and facilities, (5) pupils in one-teacher schools, and (6) instructional supplies, equipment, and services. In addition, trends in the development of one-teacher schools in the 4 decades preceding the study, along with comparisons of the one-teacher schools with all graded elementary schools, are presented. A summary of the findings and a tabular description of the questionnaire data are also included. (TL)