This section of the Proceedings of the 20th Annual Winter Meeting of the Industrial Relations Research Association consists of three papers on aspects of manpower education. A Boston study on training of tool and die makers sought to ascertain which of several identifiable training paths was most productive in terms of worker performance. It found that factors other than training are probably important determinants of ability and that large differences of quality and effectiveness existed in training. The second paper, seeking to determine effectiveness of Federal vocational retraining programs in attaining their legislative goals, found that while training did produce results, the programs (in particular the Manpower Development Training Act programs) were not reaching their goals for training the disadvantaged, especially in terms of on the job training. The Connecticut study, seeking to discover the actual trend in retraining benefits and how trainee characteristics affected them, found that "vestibule retraining" yielded substantial average long-term benefits, and that the age of the trainee was a significant variable. Methodological difficulties in research of this kind were recognized and discussed. (dm)