Just as the perceptual act of seeing and the higher cerebral process involved in reading are not identical, "listening" at the signal level of auditory perception is different from the act of auditory symbol comprehension known as "auding." Definitions of auding and contrasts between this process and the act of listening have been offered by Don Brown, John Caffrey, Stanford E. Taylor, and David and Elizabeth Russell. Other writers who continue to use the term "listening" rather than "auding" have, nevertheless, made contributions to the distinction between the signal level of sound perception and the hearing and understanding of language symbols: Richard S. Hampleman, Edward Pratt and Harry A. Green, John Haberland, James I. Brown, Dominick A. Barbara, and Vern L. Farrow. In addition, the value of listening skills is attested to in studies by Charles T. Brown, Richard S. Hampleman, Ramon Ross, Miriam E. Wilt, and Paul T. Rankin. (JS)