The focus of this study is to use the mixture item response theory (MixIRT) model while implementing the no-U-turn sampler as a technique for investigating the presence of latent classes (i.e., subpopulations) among eighth-grade students who were administered TIMSS 2019 mathematics subtest in paper format from the gulf cooperation council (GCC)…

This study analyzed the comprehension strategies and visuals in two science textbook series for grades 6, 7, and 8 as means of better understanding a core element of the ecological component of science literacy. The iScience [Biggs et al. in iScience (Grade 6), McGraw-Hill, 2015a, iScience (Grade 7), McGraw-Hill, 2015b, iScience (Grade 7),…

Students' mathematics and science motivational beliefs are crucial determinants of their school academic achievement in math and science. The current study aimed to identify the group memberships of students' motivational beliefs in math and science, which are closely related. Furthermore, this study probed the predictive effects of individual…

In the present study, we illuminate students' multiplicative reasoning in the context of their units-coordinating activity. Of particular interest is to investigate students' use of three levels of units as given material for problem-solving activity, which we regard as supporting a more advanced level of multiplicative reasoning. Among 13 middle…

Communication skills require students to be able to manage, understand, develop, and create orally and in writing. Teaching methods that generally use conventional models of learning activities that are not formed in groups cause students' science communication skills to be lacking, so learning activities are more teacher-centered. This learning…

Mathematical reasoning has been a critical concern in Turkey especially since the structure of the student selection examination for high schools changed six years ago. The ability to solve the questions in the new exam requires high level reasoning and argumentation skills. Schools, whether they are public or private, prepare 8th graders for this…

The aim of the study informing this paper was to investigate pre-service teachers' (PSTs') approaches to task design, posing the research question: How do pre-service teachers respond when they are asked to design an exploratory task using GeoGebra for 8th grade students? The research study and this paper focus on the PSTs' design stories rather…

In many countries, standardized math tests are important for achieving academic success. Here, we examine whether content of items, the story that explains a mathematical question, biases performance of low-SES students. In a large-scale cohort study of Trends in International Mathematics and Science Studies (TIMSS)--including data from 58…

Background: Within classroom research, there has long been agreement on the importance of dialogue and discussion for student learning. However, how the concept of knowledge influences classroom conversation needs further investigation, as this has key implications for students' active participation. Purpose: Our research sought to conceptualise…

The aim of this study is to develop a theoretically sound, valid, and reliable scale to examine seventh and eighth grade students' attitudes towards so-called skill-based mathematics questions (SBMQ). The sample of the study was 820 seventh and eighth grade students at three different middle schools in Etimesgut District of Ankara Province. A…

A growing body of literature on the pedagogical effectiveness of clickers in a second language (L2) context has revealed that clickers can promote learning. However, the extent to which clickers play a role in L2 acquisition compared to other pedagogical approaches lacks consensus; in addition, most research has focused on adult learners and has…

The integration of education and robotics has emerged as a crucial development in the technological landscape. This study focuses on the use of a robot teaching assistant to enhance the learning efficiency of 8th-grade students in hands-on STEM activities centered around the theme of "Smart City." It explores the impact of educational…

Previous literature has indicated a lack of information available regarding virtual schooling and how it compares to traditional schooling in terms of the academic achievement of students (Angiello, 2010; Brady, 2012; Dichev, Dicheva, Agre, & Angelova, 2013; Molnar et al., 2019; Molnar, 2021). This study aimed to examine differences among…

Despite extensive research on attainment grouping, the impact of attainment grouping on pupil attainment remains poorly understood and contested. This paper presents evidence from a study conducted with 2944 12-13 year olds, from 76 schools in England, who were allocated to between-class attainment groups ('setting') in English and mathematics…

Objective: School activities are demanding for adolescents and activate strategies to manage them, promoting specific behaviours and outcomes in the academic environment. Drawing from the motivational theory of coping, coping included multiple adaptive strategies that are relevant to understand educational outcomes. This study is focused to…