The use of e-learning personalization allows learners to control their learning by choosing which content to process and how to process it. In order to explain the processes that occur when students use e-learning personalization, this study looks at how it interacts with two other variables: sequencing and fading, a scaffolding technique where…

Unlike other visual objects which are invariant to the left-right orientation, mirror letters (e.g., b and d) represent different object identities. Previous masked priming lexical decision studies have suggested that the identification of a mirror letter involves suppression of its mirror image counterpart reporting as evidence that a pseudoword…

The ability of solving problems collaboratively has been increasingly significant. This research takes mathematics open-ended problems as the tasks and carries out collaborative problem solving with multi-machine video recording in the classroom environment aimed at 112 student pairs and 56 four-person student groups stemming from 224 students in…

The purpose of this study was to examine music teachers' experiences with flow while performing and teaching music. A model with four flow antecedents (Challenge, Skills, Goal Clarity, and Feedback) and three dimensions of flow state (Absorption, Enjoyment, and Intrinsic Motivation) was adopted to investigate music teachers' flow experiences in…

Students process qualitatively and quantitatively different information during the dynamic self-regulated learning (SRL) process, and thus they may experience varying cognitive load in different SRL behaviors. However, there is limited research on the role of cognitive load in SRL. This study examined students' cognitive load in micro-level SRL…

To explore the effect of active social media use (ASMU) on the mechanisms of flow experience (FE), 433 questionnaires incorporating an active social media use scale, academic self-efficacy (ASE) scale, and flow experience scale were collected from college students. This study is expected to enrich flow experience theory and provide a foundation…

A fundamental aspect of decision making is the speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT): slower decisions tend to be more accurate, but because time is a scarce resource people prefer to conclude decisions more quickly. The current research adds to the SAT literature by documenting two previously unrecognized influences on the SAT: perception shifts and goal…

The FedEx logo makes clever use of figure-ground ambiguity to create an "invisible" arrow in the background space between "E" and "x". Most designers believe the hidden arrow can convey an unconscious impression of speed and precision about the FedEx brand, which may influence subsequent behavior. To test this…

This research aims to examine the effect of semantic encoding strategy instruction on students' near and far transfer performances in e-learning environments. The research was performed by experimental design. Dependent variables of the research were near and far transfer performances. Independent variable was strategy instruction on encoding.…

The benefits of retrieval practice (practice testing) are pervasive across various materials, learning conditions, and criterial tasks, and consequently researchers and educators have enthusiastically recommended retrieval practice for educational applications. Less research has been devoted to examining the effect of combining retrieval practice…

English Learners (ELs), students from non-English-speaking backgrounds, are a fast-growing, understudied, group of students in the U.S. with unique learning challenges. Cognitive flexibility--the ability to switch between task demands with ease--may be an important factor in learning for ELs as they have to manage learning in their non-dominant…

This exploratory and descriptive study aims to theoretically promote the schema of pseudo-thinking processes in mathematical problem-solving by students. The participants in this study were 36 eighth graders and one math teacher. The researchers collected the data using tests and interviews. The results showed that the structure of pseudo-thinking…

In everyday life, humans rely on working memory (WM) processes to make sense of relationships between linguistic elements that are not linearly adjacent. For example, to understand the sentence "The dog that the cat chased is cute," we encode the referent "the dog" into WM, maintain and retrieve it after reading the verb…

This quantitative, correlational-predictive study applied standard multiple regression to determine if reflective-analytic cognitive style can predict media accuracy discernment in community college students recruited from two Pacific region colleges (N = 100). The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT), Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT), and a Media…

Interest is a variable that assists students in acquiring knowledge and instructors in creating an encouraging classroom environment. Situational interest, on the other hand, is a type of interest that will assist students' interest to develop by organising environmental conditions. The research on situational interest has been ongoing for more…