Constructivists believe that counselors and therapists help clients with the construction of knowledge by helping clients expand their alphabet into more flexible, viable, and complex acts of telling (language, conversations, narratives). Ways in which professionals can deconstruct the fundamental assumptions of the mental health professions and…

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is becoming the United States' primary health and psychological crisis. While many populations are at risk for infection, college and university students, because of unsafe sexual behaviors, experimentation with alcohol and drugs, and failure to see themselves at risk for infection, are particularly vulnerable…

This paper reports on the current state of elementary school student mental health needs assessment and makes recommendations for future school counseling research and practice. The review of the theoretical literature on needs assessment examines several studies by numerous researchers. With one exception, all instruments reviewed were generated…

Along with messages from the editor and CACD's president, this issue offers: (1) "Counselors in Therapy: Who Heals the Healer?" (Priest); (2) "Early Intervention to Facilitate Employment of Persons with Spinal Cord Injury" (Orange, Brodwin and Johnson); (3) "Cultural Constraints and Career Choices of Asian-American…

While there is general consensus on the importance of good academic advising to student success and support for the American College Testing Program's developmental concept of advising, there is less agreement on the most effective model for delivery. Research suggests that both faculty-oriented advising and professional counselor-oriented systems…

A cognitive-structural model for counselor supervision, derived from advances in cognitive psychology, is proposed for facilitating trainee conceptual development and self-efficacy. Within the model, there are recommendations for matching structure in the supervisory relationship to the conceptual complexity and self-efficacy levels of the…

The Rogerian argument, as described by Young, Baker, and Pike in "Rhetoric: Discovery and Change," misrepresents Carl Rogers's own principles. Addressing the need for improved interpersonal communication both within and outside of therapy, Rogers describes three conditions for "listening with understanding": congruence, or…

For thousands of years metaphors have been used as a teaching device to help people grow, to understand, to develop ego strength, resilience and a quality of life. Each system of therapy has a set of metaphors in the form of a vocabulary. Fairy tales have messages on different levels and leave the metaphors open for interpretations. The power of…

Special characteristics of action-oriented approaches to therapy, cautions and tips for using these approaches, and sample activities are provided in this guide. An introductory section explains the relationship of action-based counseling to the traditional action-oriented methods and principles of Adlerian psychology and emphasizes the merit of…

Within each of us there are three unique beings, or ego states: Parent, Adult, and Child. Dusay's "Egogram" is discussed. This is a new concept in evaluating personality structure. Three types of Transactions are reviewed: complementary, crossed, and ulterior. Various types of stroking are discussed, and a stroking profile is mentioned.…

Test anxiety is a common problem manifested by many college students. The Testing and Psychological Services Center at Northern Kentucky University sees a number of such students each semester. The possible causes of test anxiety are frequently the illogical or unrealistic demands that some students place on themselves. The methods of treatment…

This study investigates the effectiveness of an instruction-simulation videotape in training counselor candidates to use counselor-tacting response leads (CTRL's). Such verbal responses are viewed as essential to behavior modification therapy since they operationally define specific behavioral events and the stimulus conditions associated with…

The use of reinforcement as a treatment technique by a counselor is demonstrated. Its purpose is two-fold: (1) to evaluate the effectiveness of the technique; and (2) to actively involve the participant in the demonstration. A pre-test involves presentation of a hypothetical situation from which the participant is to select: (1) problem behaviors;…

With assistance from Title I of the Higher Education Act, a two-day workshop for counselors in Iowa was sponsored by the Center for Continuing Education at Drake University. Proceedings of the workshop, reported in this publication, include four interlocking dimensions: (1) the counselor's role in vocational decision making, (2) the counselor's…

The purpose of this course of study is to serve as a guide for providing newly employed vocational rehabilitation agency personnel with educational experiences that better prepare the trainees to serve themselves, their clients, their agency, and their community. The course reflects the belief that generic educational material and experiences are…