In this essay, I explore the recent cultural and epistemological turns in sociological music education research. Changes in the economy--and most specifically in the modes of production aided by changes in technology--provide a frame for understanding the cultural and epistemological turns within music education research in sociology. The economy has gone through a process of "dematerialization," privileging non-material aspects--like mental conceptions of the world, symbols, culture, and social processes--over material considerations. Similarly, sociological research in music education, in its epistemological and cultural turns, has gone through a process of dematerialization where symbols, culture, and mental conceptions have become the frames and emphases within music education. This is influenced by "the postmodern condition" where ideas and "culture" have become seats of power. After a brief introduction, I review dialectics, moving to the subcategory dialectical materialism which has come to signify Marx's contribution to dialectics. Next, I apply dialectical materialism to the cultural and epistemological turns in sociological music education research, tracing changes in the economy and their influence over emphases in sociological research in music education. Finally, I pose some questions that may inform future philosophical and sociological research and practice in music education.