When Congress adopted the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1789, it left open many questions that would arise concerning church-state relations. It became clear early in the history of the country that the Supreme Court would have a great impact on how the First Amendment would be upheld and interpreted. This book examines how Congress…

Reviews the judicial-legal definition of test bias as it has emerged in court litigation, asserting that while technical research studies of test bias have focused either on predictive validity or content validity, the judicial-legal concepts of test bias have attempted to focus on both these issues in a relatively non-technical manner. (JM)

Throughout this bibliography, an asterisk identifies citations especially useful for school law classes. The library identification code and a brief annotation accompany the citations that are organized in the following sections: (1) guides to legal research; (2) indexes; (3) dictionaries, encyclopedias, directories, and handbooks; (4) American…

School attorneys are primarily concerned with such issues as search and seizure, chain of custody, civil rights liability, and tort liability. Members of the National Organization on Legal Problems of Education (NOLPE) working within school districts can help reduce crime in the schools. NOLPE members could contribute to the clarity of thought and…

This fourth chapter of "The Yearbook of School Law, 1986" summarizes and analyzes state and federal court decisions handed down in 1985 related to handicapped students, and to the conditions affecting them and, to a lesser extent, school personnel. Among the topics addressed are the procedural safeguards established to ensure appropriate…

In addressing the problem of drugs, Reagan Administration efforts focus on both the supply and the demand of drugs. One problem, the diversion of legal drugs into the illegal market, can be accomplished by pharmacists, drug manufacturers and distributors, or by forged or fraudulent prescriptions. Pharmacists can combat this problem by…

The 1977 Supreme Court decision in "Milliken v. Bradley," involving the Detroit public schools and the state of Michigan, held that federal courts possess the authority not only to order the implementation of educational program components as part of a desegregation remedy, but also to assess a portion of the cost of such components…

There has been a renaissance of scholarship during the bicentennial of the U.S. Constitution. Continued implementation of the Constitution requires that its text, its structure, and its principles be widely known and respectfully understood. U.S. citizens need to respect the Constitution as it was understood by those who framed it. Underlying the…

The author is executive director of National Neighbors, a nationwide federation of interracial neighborhoods working to strengthen and encourage successful integrated communities, and to keep integrated schools integrated so that integrated neighborhoods can stay that way. (Author/JM)

Summarizes the Indianapolis Public Schools desegregation case, offers an interpretation of its relative significance in the picture of metropolitan schools desegregation, and provides the text of Federal Judge S. Hugh Dillin's ruling, delivered on July 20, 1973. (JM)

Surveys the objectives of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the court decisions and complex administrative regulations which have followed from it, focusing on the cases of Griggs vs. Duke Power Co., Johnson vs. Pike Corp. of America, and Long vs. Ford Motor Co. (JM)

Two questions are presented for consideration by Bishop v. Wood. The first is when procedural due process must be followed before a public employee can be terminated or the employee's status significantly altered. The second is when a public agency must give an employee a hearing to allow the employee an opportunity to clear his or her name when…

A review on both a state-by-state basis and on the national level of developments pertaining to school integration, racial discrimination and sex discrimination, including unemployment of minority group teenagers, textbook bias, Black freshmen enrollment trends, sex discrimination in hiring of women with doctorates, federal court litigation and…

A number of cases related to property issues involving institutions of higher education are examined in this chapter. Cases discussed touch on such topics as funding for property and equipment acquisition; opposition to building construction or demolition; zoning issues; building construction and equipment contracts; and lease agreements. Current…

Given the lack of judicial clarity on desegregation and the general reluctance of society to follow the spirit and intent of the Brown decisions, it is not surprising that problems have arisen as a result of desegregation efforts. Nor is it surprising that minority students, teachers, and administrators have been the ones to pay for those…