Provides overview of laws, policies, and regulations available to women to secure their job rights when faced with sex discrimination. Equal pay, sexual harassment, pregnancy discrimination, and affirmative action are discussed, noting procedures involved in filing a complaint. (EJS)

In Markham v. Geller, a policy of attempting to hire less experienced teachers was held in violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). This article examines the case's significance for the interpretation of the ADEA and the case's impact on the question of business justification. (Author/MLF)

Discusses a U.S. Supreme Court decision involving public employers'"mixed motives" in discharging employees for constitutionally protected and unprotected reasons. Describes the Court's test to distinguish which reason was the dominant factor. (RW)

For more than 40 years, federal courts have attempted to end segregation at the college level. A landmark case, Adams v. Califano (1977), deals with racially dual systems of higher education. Benefits of the case's ruling include: (1) an improvement in educational opportunities available to Black students; and (2) that desegregation should occur…

The "Plyler" decision (that a state statute denying free public education to illegal aliens violates the equal protection clause) reached two unprecedented findings but also provides strong justification for strict judicial scrutiny of similar statutes. Available from Vanderbilt University School of Law, 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN…

Rather than allowing the unconstitutional Bible study program to remain in the schools in a modified form, the Court should have opted for a released-time arrangement. Available from Tennessee Law Review Association, Inc., 1505 W. Cumberland Ave., Knoxville, TN 37916. (Author/IRT)

Using cases concerning access to rights, argues that the state owes an affirmative obligation to provide an adequate level of education and that this obligation is consistent with the federalism concerns expressed in "Rodriguez." Available from School of Law, University of Santa Clara, Santa Clara, CA 95053. (IRT)

The Court's strong endorsement, albeit in a limited factual setting, of voluntary remedial preferences should give some aid to those seeking equal opportunity in employment. Available from School of Law, Creighton University, 2200 California St., Omaha, NE 68178. (Author/IRT)

Although the Supreme Court has refrained from answering whether the membership policies of private clubs can be attacked on state action grounds, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals held in the affirmative in Golden v. Biscayne Bay Yacht Club. It ruled that leasing publicly owned bay bottom land to a yacht club constituted sufficient state…

It is suggested that back pay should accrue until the victimized employee reaches the rightful employment position and that courts should abandon confusing terminology like "back" or "front" pay in favor of a "make whole order" or another phrase more descriptive of the nature rather than the time of the award. For…

Examines Supreme Court decisions in two cases (Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan, United States v. Virginia), addressing the constitutionality of single-sex public colleges. Describes a tool for evaluating equality (the "capability approach") that fills out and lends clarity to underdeveloped aspects of the Court's inquiry. The…

The United States Supreme Court has refused to articulate a hierarchy among the guarantees of speech, press, assembly, and petition. The Court also has avoided specifying whether expression rights or safeguards against religious establishment are dominant. Addresses litigation indicating that free speech protections prevail when they collide with…

Explores U.S. Supreme Court rationale in judging the constitutionality of affirmative action cases and why the theory used in its decisions is at odds with the formal theory and research on social psychology of affirmative action procedures. The scientific work indicates procedural conditions that the Court would find social psychologically…

Addresses allegations that public schools are unconstitutionally promoting secular humanism. Presents perspectives defining secular humanism and explores whether secular humanism is considered a religion under the establishment clause. Deals with charges by conservative parent groups. (164 references) (MLF)

In "Bethel," the Supreme Court essentially extended the reach of the ordinary discipline code to serve objectives that are part of the perceived educational mission. Citizenship of students is as important to the education process as academic concerns, according to recent decisions. (seven references) (MLF)