A central theoretical issue is that of the cognitive status of imagery. Detractors emphasize the merely-sensory aspects while proponents emphasize the also-symbolic aspects. Examined with reference to this issue are the theories of Piaget and Bruner, recent studies of concept learning and representation, and studies related to the Craik and…

It is now possible to carry forward the work in visual languaging and visual literacy to create a model for language and for cognition. The central hypothesis is that visual sequences are gradually learned, perceived, and "read" by people, but especially by little children, much as languaging is learned, perceived, and read; the…

3 EXPERIMENTS WERE DESIGNED TO FILL THE GAP BETWEEN LAB-ESTABLISHED VERBAL LEARNING PRINCIPLES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO COMPLEX VERBAL LEARNING BY USING THE TEACHING MACHINE TO CONTROL PRESENTATION VARIABLES SUCH AS AMOUNT AND ORDER OF MATERIAL EXPOSED. EXPERIMENT I MEASURED THE EFFECTS OF REPETITION AND SPACED REVIEW ON RETENTION, EXPERIMENT II…

SEVENTY-FIVE FEMALE PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS PARTICIPATED IN A STUDY WHICH INVESTIGATED THE EFFECT OF GROUP PRESSURE ON THE RETENTION OF PREVIOUSLY LEARNED VERBAL MATERIAL IN A CONTROLLED LABORATORY SETTING. THE SUBJECTS WERE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO FIVE SITUATIONS, 15 TO A GROUP, AND WENT THROUGH 4 STEPS IN THE EXPERIMENT -- (1) ORIGINAL LEARNING, (2)…

THE PROBLEM WAS TO DETERMINE WHICH COMBINATIONS OF VERBAL AND GRAPHIC MATERIALS LEAD TO THE MOST EFFICIENT LEARNING. NINETY-ONE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE STUDENTS WERE DIVIDED INTO EIGHT GROUPS WHICH READ THE SAME INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL (ON ELECTRICAL CIRCUITRY) IN VERBAL, GRAPHIC, VERBAL-GRAPHIC, OR GRAPHIC-VERBAL FORM. HALF OF THE SUBJECTS WERE…

ANALYSIS OF VERBAL CLASSROOM ACTIVITY WAS MADE IN HIGH SCHOOL CLASSES. TECHNIQUES FOR RECODING, CODING AND ANALYZING ACTIVITY WERE DISCUSSED IN DETAIL IN PHASE ONE. IT WAS FOUND THAT DESPITE THE LACK OF SPECIFIED RULES AND DESPITE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN TEACHING PHILOSOPHIES OF TEACHERS, AND ALTHOUGH CLASSES DIFFER SOMEWHAT IN DETAILS, COMMON…

A theory for representation of concepts in memory is proposed which emphasizes the association of salient exemplars with the concept. Previous theories dealing with the classification processes involved in acquiring new concepts have shown that clear category boundaries do not exist. It is proposed that present theory must account for the…

This is the second in a series of six annotated bibliographies. It has as its general subject the language aspects of early childhood education and includes six subdivisions: phonology and speech, grammar, vocabulary, functions of language, verbal learning, and "all." Each of the 38 abstracts included has been classified by general and specific…

Evidence was found for an ability to monitor during learning the degree of retrievability of the to-be-learned material from memory at time of a subsequent test. Students were given three successive study trials to learn either a list of 60 paired associates or a free-recall list of 60 "unrelated" words. During a fourth study trial, they rated on…

The effects of arousal on verbal learning and memory are presently controversial. Investigators using different definitions of arousal, different tasks, and different methods have (as one would expect) produced different findings in the literature: (a) Arousal during acquisition leads to poor immediate but better delayed recall; (b) Arousal during…

It was predicted that verbalization of prose materials would produce greater anxiety but would also result in greater retention of the passages, that prior knowledge of the verbalization requirement would lead to better retention, and that induced expectancy to verbalize would result in better retention than would no expectancy. Results indicated…

In understanding comprehension as the active processing of reading material, and in assuming that certain key content is stored in the memory, then mnemonic cues could be one important means of recalling this stored information. Since associative words apparently have high mnemonic cue value, they have been the subject of numerous investigations.…

A study had two aims: to explore the ability of pupils of grades 4-7 to give operational evidence of generalizing in selected numerical situations, and to study the effects of differing manners of verbalizing a generalization on the retention of the ability to use the generalizations. Pupils (18) from each of grades 4-7 in a public school were…

A theory of structure in teaching is presented and a system of analysis introduced which allows empirical investigation of verbal behavior in the classroom. Two kinds of structure are distinguished: "static" structure, defined as stable organized clusters of knowledge, and "kinetic" structure, defined as the sequential process of building up…