To explain how and why the Portuguese mass media constitute a frustrated Fourth Estate, this monograph summarizes the history and development of Portuguese media. The first section summarized the history of media legislation that has confronted Portuguese journalists and stunted the development of journalistic tradition. The second section…

The paper analyzes structure and organizational communication within the League of Women Voters. The document is presented in three major sections. The first section traces the history of the League of Women Voters from its origins in the women's suffrage movement to its current involvement with international relations, human rights, and…

Limon Creole, spoken on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, Central America, descends from Jamaican Creole and is similar to it in many respects. While Jamaican Creole is undergoing a process of decreolization (i.e. the speech community has reached a post-creole status, in De Camp's terminology), Limon Creole exists in the context of a prestige…

In this review of studies and programs relating to immigrant children enrolled in public schools in Hawaii, it is suggested that ways in which immigrant children are described has political significance and evaluative implications. Four problems facing immigrant youth were identified by the Hawaii Department of Education. The major problem was…

The analysis of 1972 data on political participation levels of 629 women investigates the impact of feminism on the political attitudes and behavior of its supporters, and the direction of that impact. Feminism is interpreted as a social movement which combines a focus upon individual change with political and systemic change. Major hypotheses…

A survey designed to ascertain how various school-related groups perceive the school responding to nontraditional situations of nationalistic education is described. Administrators, board of education members, parents, teachers, and students indicated what they thought would and should occur in the school in response to 18 nontraditional…

The characteristics of professionals recruited into the Legal Services Program sponsored by the Office of Economic Opportunity are examined in this paper. It finds that, contrary to the literature on activist professionals, Legal Services was not dominated by lawyers with elite family and educational backgrounds or with prior commitments to…

Civic education is the student's participation in the governance of the school and the community; it must create and serve democratic society. Today's youth must be given the tools: 1) to transform vertical governance of the school and community into horizontal governance which shares decision-making with students, parents, and teachers; and, 2)…

This report contains a comprehensive examination of all major levels and types of education in the Hungarian educational system under communism. The structure, process, philosophy, and history of Hungarian education are described in 10 chapters: (1) "The Country's Background"; (2) "The Educational Inheritance"; (3) "The…

Defining censorship as any control that limits the intended content of any communication, 10 essays explore the phenomenon of censorship, its sources, its forms, and the manner in which it operates in the areas of politics, religion, aesthetics, and sex. Focused on the varied relationships of censorship to society and the individual, essays deal…

Problems inherent in the teaching of literature in Europe are articulated in this article. A review of Sartre's views, in an early essay, on the place of literature in society leads into a discussion of social structure, anthropology, and politics. The concept of literature as an art form, the problems of psychological identity and maturity, and…

The contraditions within the systems of school support and school policy-making make it difficult to find a manner of governance of the social studies program which is protected from extraneous influence and yet avoids creating a buffer between the schools and the democratic forces to which they are responsive. State and federal governments…

The first part of this publication is given over to three major papers that emphasize the present and urge consideration of the problems and challenges of man's future. In "Education for Genuine Community," Samuel D. Proctor emphasizes the need to strive for a new momentum toward community as a possible solution to societal problems. Theodore…

The goal of civic education in a democracy must be mindful political activism. If civic education is to have a positive effect on the development of this activism: 1) it must provide curricular content which reflects the reality of political/social life; and, 2) teachers and administrators must exemplify, in and out of school, a model of active…

This dissertation suggests that the role of social studies teachers should be to introduce new alternatives, values, and ways of thinking in civic education. One thousand three hundred seventy elementary teachers responded to a questionnaire on: 1) background; 2) liberal-conservative attitude; 3) degree of political and professional activity; 4)…