The data from verbal learning studies have been partially instrumental in the development of the theory of extraversion-introversion (E-I) relative to levels of cortical arousal. In most of the studies relating E-I to verbal learning, the approach was to determine if there was an overall superiority for one of the personality groups. Differences…

Three experiments tested the generality of the conclusion that associative unlearning is minimal in the A-B, A-D paradigm. In Experiment 1, single-trial study of A-D, following single-trial study of A-B, did not produce retroactive inhibition in the recognition of A-B. In Experiment 2, A-B was acquired by associative matching. The interpolated…

Kindergarten and first grade children were given a paired-associate learning task following one of five types of strategy-training procedures. In the motor training conditions, subjects generated interactions involving pairs of toys by playing with them or by drawing pictures of them. It was found that relative to simple imagery practice, motor…

An experiment compared the effectiveness of color and non-color (black-and-white) pictures in a paired associate learning task. The study also used individual eye movement quantifications as a predictor of preference for color and non-color pictures. Specifically, eye movement fixation patterns were used as indices of preference for color and…

Second and sixth graders were asked to learn noun pairs linked by various types of verbal connectives: Verbs, unmarked and marked comparative adjectives, polar antonym adjective pairs, and conjunctions. Results indicated that all contexts produced better learning than conjunctions, that comparative adjective effects were superior to the polar-pair…

A study was conducted to determine the optimal presentation methods for teaching the phonetic alphabet which is characteristic of much of the symbolic material which forms part of the SAGE L-system operator task. This discrete-item, paired-associate material was prepared in six different formats: (1) long continuous-discourse program, overt…

A theoretical explanation of the phenomenon of recognition failure and a presentation of seven experiments investigating performance. Recognition failure is reduced when a more stringent recognition criterion is used, essentially eliminated when the proper access test is used and significantly reduced when variability in recognition performance is…

To test the comparative efficacy of a visual imagery associative learning strategy in younger and older children, second and sixth grade children were presented a list of paired associates (concrete nouns) either at a faster or slower rate, under either an instruction to generate an interactive image for the pairs or a no strategy, control…

Individual differences in verbal ability measured by Verbal Scholastic Aptitude Test score and imagery ability measured by Betts' Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery and Marks' Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire were determined for 189 college students. (Author)

Second graders were given training in monitoring the ability of strategies, the affective consequences of strategy use, or no strategy-monitoring training. When performing associative learning tasks under several instruction conditions, all training conditions produced short term effective strategy maintenance. However, only the strategy-utility…

Previous puzzling inconsistencies in results of experimental comparisions of paired-associate anticipation with recall (study-test) methods are indicated by Izawa's 1971 data to reflect longer inter- and/or intratrial intervals in experiments showing marked superiority of the recall method. (Editor)

Using a yoked control procedure, kindergarteners either produced or observed interactions between pairs of toys. Children who performed rather than observed remembered the pairings over time. (ST)

Author studied the capacity of the normal brain to carry out a paired-associate learning task by projecting the stimulus material to either the right or left hemisphere in order to establish if there was a lateral specialization for this type of learning in the normal brain. (Author/RK)

The results of the present study indicated that learning under feedback type A (presentation of correct response) occurred more rapidly than under type B (presentation of the position of the correct response). (Author)

The primary purpose of this study was to determine if the mentally retarded child is capable of the long-term retention of mediational links that he has formulated previously on a paired-associate task. (Author)