Client change in therapy is a result of the psychological impact of counselor's remarks on the client. Impelling forces arise from the power-dependence relationship between the counselor and client. Restraining forces are resistance and opposition. Sources and characteristics of power, resistance, and opposition are presented. (Author/LA)

Preschool, third-, and sixth-grade classified as socioeconomically disadvantaged or nondisadvantaged were subjects in a voluntary-delay-of-reinforcement paradigm. Results indicated a shift from preference for immediate reinforcement in preschool to deferred selection in sixth grade for both socioeconomic groups. (ST)

Age and sex matched groups of normal, institutionalized and non-institutionalized mentally retarded adolescents were compared on need-approval. All groups appeared significantly different with the strength of need-approval following a non-institutionalized, institutionalized, and normal order from high to low respectively. (Author)

Paper presented at Conference on New Approaches to Behavioral Research on Smoking held in Tucson, Arizona, on March 30 and 31, 1972, by American Cancer Society. (DS)

The author contends that the counselor, accepting a hierarchy of needs, can assist the client in assessing the fulfillment of those needs and choosing from social institutions the alternatives that will permit adequate gratification of unmet needs. Plans to satisfy needs at higher levels can then be made. (Author/BY)

The argument presented concludes that unless needs for attention are satiated, the failure set reversed, and dysfunctional problem-solving approaches altered, the probability of academic success is low regardless of the administrative arrangement in which that child's education is provided. (Author)

Man does several things with the arts: He observes them, he executes what someone else has created, and he philosophizes about them. (JB)

This study investigated: (1) the concurrent validity of Holland's theory for employed men; and (2) the pattern of needs associated with occupations exemplifying each of Holland's models. Five vocational scales distributed eight work groups, representative of each of Holland's vocational models, in a comparable fashion according to their interests.…

Examined manifest needs of achievement, dominance, autonomy, and affiliation of counselors. Results indicated similarities in male and female counselors regarding achievement, dominance, and autonomy and that there was a consistent trend for the male counselors to have higher needs for affiliation than female counselors on the job. (Author/PAS)

Experimental results showed career and work satisfaction as the strongest contributors to mental health. Situational variables such as job characteristics, supervisory style, and pay related more to attitudinal variables. Suggests career and work satisfaction may serve as intervening variables in the relationship between situational variables and…

With Maslow's hierarchy as a basis, the model provides structure for setting goals in counseling cases and overall programs. Different kinds of client concerns are identified, and suggestions are made for using these 14 categories. The article includes specific suggestions for using the model in diagnosis, evaluation, counselor education, and…