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Carbonneau, Kira J.; Marley, Scott C. – Journal of Experimental Education, 2015
Educators often use manipulatives when teaching mathematics because manipulatives are assumed to promote learning. However, research indicates that instructional variables impact the effectiveness of manipulatives. In this article, the authors consider the relations between two instructional characteristics: (a) level of instructional guidance and…
Descriptors: Mathematics Instruction, Manipulative Materials, Preschool Children, Teaching Methods