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J. Lettington; J. Van Herwegen – Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 2024
Background: The home literacy environment (HLE) has rarely been examined for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, including individuals with Williams syndrome and Down syndrome. Method: The current study surveyed carers of individuals with Down syndrome (n = 48) and Williams syndrome (n = 18) in the United Kingdom (UK). Results: The…
Descriptors: Family Literacy, Family Environment, Developmental Disabilities, Down Syndrome
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So, Youngsoon; Wolf, Mikyung Kim; Hauck, Maurice C.; Mollaun, Pamela; Rybinski, Paul; Tumposky, Daniel; Wang, Lin – ETS Research Report Series, 2015
This paper presents the theoretical and empirical foundations of the "TOEFL Junior"® assessment and its development process. The TOEFL Junior test was developed to address the increasing need for objective measures of English language proficiency for young adolescent learners, who are being introduced to English as a second or foreign…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Second Language Instruction, Early Adolescents, Language Proficiency
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Dwaik, Raghad; Shehadeh, Adnan – English Language Teaching, 2015
The starting age of foreign language learning has been a controversial issue since the second half of the 20th century. Despite this long time, definite answers have not been found regarding the different aspects of the age issue, i.e., its influence on rate, route and ultimate attainment. Many researchers have explored the influence of age on the…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, English (Second Language), Second Language Instruction, Second Language Learning