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Some Reflections on Reference in the Teaching of French as a Foreign Language Context
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Olympia Tsaknaki – European Journal of Education (EJED), 2022
Grammatical and lexical cohesion are necessary conditions to guarantee a text's coherence (Halliday and Hasan 1976). Grammatical cohesion is classified into four types of relation: reference, conjunction, substitution, and ellipsis. This study aims to investigate the use of the cohesive device of reference in written discourse produced by…
Descriptors: French, Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, Computational Linguistics
Applying the Writing Scales of the "Common European Framework of Reference for Languages" to the New HSK Test of Proficiency in Chinese: Realities, Problems and Some Suggestions for Chinese Language Teachers and Learners
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Hsiao, Ya Ping; Broeder, Peter – Language Learning in Higher Education, 2013
This article explores levels of proficiency in Chinese with reference to the new HSK (Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi) Chinese Proficiency Test and the "Common European Framework of Reference for Languages" (CEFR). Special attention is given to learning and teaching the writing of Chinese characters and the use of Pinyin, a phonetic Romanization…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Writing Tests, Chinese, Language Proficiency