As in any historical endeavor, periodization is an attempt to manage change, and present it coherently, by noting points where key breaks in framework occur. In world history, periodization has come to convey, particularly, shifts in the pattern of interactions and contacts among many, though not always all, major societies. In this article, the…

One aspect of human activity that seems to recur is warfare. The author draws lessons from the military history of Sparta and Athens that are relevant to nations today. (SM)

The question, "What were the causes of World War I?," has become one of the classic historical debates of which there seem to be endless permutations. In the past 90 years historians, journalists, and politicians have offered many more or less rational explanations for the war. Although at least some of the usual "causes"…

Asserts that the study of elites should be included when teaching modern world history, since elites significantly shaped the modern world. Explores sources of misinformation resulting from the failure to teach students about landed elites. Discusses how not everyone was happy to see the old elites disappear. (CMK)

Discusses the development of a twentieth century world history course, its possibilities, pitfalls, and rationale. Includes a course outline, readings, audio-visual materials, and discussion topics. (GEA)

Presents an interpretive study of the Armenian genocide of 1915 based on Israel Charny's societal-forces model. Argues genocides follow a pattern of long discriminatory relationships between a dominant and a dominated group. Cites the economic achievements of dominated groups as the basis. Shows the global pattern of genocide. (NL)