Prior research has found that referees are harsher toward sporting offenses in regional-level matches between women than in regional-level matches between men. We tested whether this bias also occurs at a higher, national level of competition, despite the greater pressures for objectivity and fairness at this level. Referees' decisions were…

Arranged in three sections, this pamphlet details the rules, officiating techniques, and official records for girls' and womens' competitive swimming and diving. Section 1 lists members of the national rules committee, major rule changes for 1983-84, and official rules for swimming and diving competition. Section 2 contains officiating tips,…

This publication is a compilation of articles directed toward providing a better understanding of the various aspects of gymnastics and to promote a greater proficiency among educators, coaches, judges, leaders, and participants of sport programs for girls and women. Articles in the first section cover the technical aspects of gymnastics: (1)…

This manual was designed to accompany the revised version of "Training Judges for Girls Gymnastics," a 16mm black and white sound film available from Association Films, Inc. On the film, the first two routines in each event are shown twice. In the manual, there are three category charts. The first is blank to be filled in by trainees after the…