Based on the questionnaire survey data of 13,176 primary and secondary school students in Jiangsu Province, this study found that class has a significant impact on students' online learning effect: the learning effect of students from elite families is better than those from non-elite families. Online teaching depends on the equipment provided by…

Faced with the sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, Chinese K-12 schools pivoted to online teaching to "suspend classes without stopping learning" and to ensure continued learning in the first half of 2020. As an emergency measure to combat the pandemic, the implementation of online teaching met a range of challenges. This study…