Since the 1970s, catalogs of protest events have been at the heart of research on social movements. To measure how protest changes over time or varies across space, sociologists usually count the frequency of events, as either the dependent variable or a key independent variable. An alternative is to count the number of participants in protest.…

This article offers a qualitative examination of one predominantly white university in the Midwest. Racist epithets and threats targeting African Americans were painted on buildings. While faculty and staff struggled to compose a collective written response, researched state law and the University's Code of Conduct around hate speech, and waited…

This study identified teachers' perceptions of violence in society and in schools and the responsibility of schools to help create a more civil society. Participants were 78 predominantly white elementary and secondary teachers taking a graduate class at a Texas university. Each participant completed a survey instrument, "Are Schools Responsible…