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Download full textÇetinavci, Ugur Recep; Öztürk, Ismet – Online Submission, 2017
Pragmatic competence is among the explicitly acknowledged sub-competences that make the communicative competence in any language (Bachman & Palmer, 1996; Council of Europe, 2001). Within the notion of pragmatic competence itself, "implicature (implied meanings)" comes to the fore as one of the five main areas there (Levinson, 1983).…
Descriptors: Test Construction, Computer Assisted Testing, Communicative Competence (Languages), Second Language Instruction
Peer reviewed
Direct linkArce-Ferrer, Alvaro J. – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2006
Translation and cultural adaptation of rating scales are two critical components in testing culturally and/or linguistically heterogeneous populations. Despite the proper use of these scales, challenges typically arise from respondents' language, culture, ratiocination, and characteristics of measurement processes. This study investigated factors…
Descriptors: Investigations, Response Style (Tests), Rating Scales, Spanish Speaking
